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O Globo, Brazil

America 's Latest Middle East Headache : Turkey

 

"This could end with armed intervention by Turkey in Iraq, the withdrawal of Turkey from NATO, the destruction of Turkish hopes of entering the European Union and chaos in the only relatively calm region of Iraq."

 

By William Waack

                                

 

Translated By Brandi Miller

 

June 11, 2007

 

Brazil - O Globo - Original Article (Portuguese)

The most complex, serious and dangerous situation in the Middle East at the moment involves Turkey, the United States and the European Union. It began with the stationing of 150,000 Turkish soldiers along the Iraqi border with tanks and artillery, in a region inhabited on both sides mostly by Kurds. It could end with an armed intervention, the withdrawal of Turkey from NATO, the destruction of Turkish hopes of entering the European Union and chaos in the only relatively calm region of Iraq.

 

For decades the Turkish military has been engaged in combat with Kurdish guerrillas, which today operate principally from bases in northern Iraq. According to Turkish Armed Forces commanders, the Americans who occupy Iraq have done nothing to hinder the incursions of Kurdish guerrillas. This is because the Americans depend in good measure on Kurdish political parties (to which the guerrillas are connected) to help stabilize Iraq.

 

At the same time, the Turkish military is engaged in a delicate internal political game. They are the main secular force in the country, opposite the (moderate) Islamic party of Prime Minister Recep Erdogan, who in the last election had 34 percent of the vote and won command of the Parliament. The last military coup in Turkey was in 1980, and power was returned to civilians thanks to legal mechanisms that give the Armed Forces a capacity to intervene that is considered unacceptable by the European Union, with whom the Turks have negotiated since 2005.

 

Discontented with the growing prestige of the Islamic parties, the insinuation in April by the Turkish military of the possibility of a new intervention - which was posted on the official Web site of the Armed Forces - was enough for Prime Minister Erdogan to move the general elections up to July 22. Polling data indicates that the Muslim parties might obtain an even better result than they did in the last election.

 

Erdogan is one of the few Turkish politicians to try and reduce the power of the military, but his room to maneuver now seems considerably reduced. And this limited maneuvering room narrows even further after every Turkish death caused by Kurdish attacks along the border. The military is officially awaiting orders from the politicians to attack the enemy in northern Iraq; and since the order hasn't come, they say, the civilian government is responsible for every dead soldier.

 

The dispute has had an enormously impact amongst Kurdish nationalists, who are ever-more anti-American, and has created a bonanza of bad feeling amongst the military as well. Turkey was one of America's main allies in the region during the Cold War and one of America's main airbases is still there. Concerned about an expansion of the conflict in Iraq (which many consider inevitable, with the entry of Turkey and Iran) the Americans are categorically against any Turkish operation in Iraqi Kurdistan - which adds more fuel to the anti-American fire in Turkey.

 

How much the Turkish military mobilization translates into Turkish military command of the country -  supported by young officers - is still an open question. Within the heated internal debate, it's clear that the younger officers no longer consider it important to enter the European Union, which they consider responsible for various public humiliations of Turkey. And they are even less worried about maintaining “friendship” with the United States. At the same time, they don’t admit that the secularism created by their great former leader Ataturk  is falling apart - regardless of the results at the ballot box in July.

 

The thaw in the mountains of Kurdistan, which extend from northern Iraq to Iran, Armenia, Syria and Turkey, is the time of year that all sides normally mobilize militarily, and so is accompanied by inevitable political tension. This time, however, the Turkish domestic situation shows that a radical realignment of alliances and friendships is possible - and according to some scenarios, even inevitable.

 

None of them will bring any comfort to Washington.

 

Portuguese Version Below

 

Turcos complicam situação do Iraque

11/06/2007

 

A situação mais complexa, grave e perigosa do momento no Oriente Médio envolve a Turquia, os Estados Unidos e a União Européia. Começou com o deslocamento de 150 mil soldados turcos, com artilharia e blindados, para a fronteira com o Iraque, numa região habitada nos dois lados sobretudo por curdos. Pode terminar com uma intervenção armada, a retirada da Turquia da Otan, a destruição das esperanças curdas de ingressar na União Européia e caos na única região relativamente calma no Iraque.

 

décadas os militares turcos estão envolvidos em combates com guerrilheiros curdos, que hoje operam principalmente de bases no Norte do Iraque. De acordo com os comandantes das Forças Armadas turcas, os americanos que ocupam o Iraque nada fazem para impedir as incursões de guerrilheiros curdos - dependem em boa parte dos partidos políticos curdos (aos quais os guerrilheiros são ligados) para operar a estabilização do Iraque.

 

Ao mesmo tempo, os militares turcos estão envolvidos num delicado jogo político interno. Eles são a principal força secular do país, oposta ao partido islamista (de tendência moderada) do primeiro-ministro Recep Erdogan, que nas últimas eleições teve 34% dos votos e comanda o Parlamento. O último golpe militar na Turquia foi em 1980, e o poder voltou a civis graças a mecanismos legais que dão às Forças Armadas um poder de intervenção considerado inaceitável, por exemplo, pela União Européia, com a qual os turcos negociam desde 2005.

 

Descontentes com o crescente prestígio dos islamistas, bastou que os militares turcos insinuassem a possibilidade de uma nova intervenção, em abril - postada no site oficial do Estado Maior das Forças Armadas - para que o primeiro ministro Erdogan antecipasse as eleições gerais para o próximo dia 22 de julho. As pesquisas indicam que os islamistas podem conseguir um resultado ainda melhor do que alcançaram na última votação.

 

Erdogan foi um dos poucos políticos turcos que tentaram reduzir os poderes dos militares, mas sua margem de manobra parece agora consideravelmente reduzida - e torna-se ainda mais estreita a cada baixa turca produzida por ataques curdos na área de fronteira. Os militares estão oficialmente esperando uma ordem dos políticos para atacar o inimigo no Norte do Iraque; como a ordem não vem, dizem eles, é do governo civil a culpa por cada militar morto.

 

O argumento tem enorme receptividade entre nacionalistas curdos, cada vez mais antiamericanos, um sentimento excepcionalmente forte também entre os militares. A Turquia foi o principal aliado dos Estados Unidos na região durante a Guerra Fria. Uma das principais bases aéreas americanas está ainda na Turquia. Preocupados com a ampliação do conflito no Iraque (que muitos consideram inevitável, com a entrada da Turquia e do Irã) os americanos são categoricamente contra qualquer operação turca no Curdistão iraquiano - mais lenha na fogueira antiamericana na Turquia.

 

Quanto a mobilização militar turca significa a volta dos militares turcos ao comando do país, impulsionados por jovens oficiais, ainda é uma questão em aberto. No caloroso debate interno, está claro que os jovens oficiais não mais se importam em entrar na União Européia, que consideram responsável por várias humilhações públicas da Turquia, e muito menos se importam em manter "amizade" com os Estados Unidos. Ao mesmo tempo, não admitem que o secularismo liderado pelo seu grande líder do passado, Ataturk, seja desmanchado - não importa o resultado das urnas em julho.

 

O degelo nas montanhas do Curdistão, que se estendem do Norte do Iraque ao Irã, Armênia, Síria e Turquia, é normalmente a época do ano em que todos os lados fazem mobilizações militares, acompanhadas da inevitável tensão política. Desta vez, porém, a situação interna turca mostra que um rearranjo radical de alianças e amizades é possível - de acordo com alguns cenários, até inevitável.

 

Nenhum deles trará qualquer conforto a Washington.

 

William Waack






















Turkish civilan and militray officials stand by as an honor guard carries the coffin of Kadir Yalcin, one of four Turkish soldiers killed by a roadside bomb blamed on Kurdish separatists, in Ankara, June 9. Turkey says that guerillas crossed the border from Northern Iraq.

—BBC NEWS VIDEO: Turkish government denies rumours that it has launched an offensive into northern Iraq, June 7, 00:01:38WindowsVideo


—BBC NEWS VIDEO: Iraq makes official protest to Turkey, accusing it of shelling Kurdish areas in northern Iraq, June 9, 00:02:19WindowsVideo

A Turkish officer wipes tears from the face of Zehra Guresen, the mother of Turkish soldier Hasan Guresen, who was killed by a roadside bombing that Turkey blames on Kurdish seperatists operation out of Northern Iraq.





Kurdish security forces, or peshmerga, march during the handover to the Kurdish regional government from U.S. forces, in the northern city of Arbil, in May.


Female pershmerga, the Kurdish security force: Clearly, women that are not to be trifled with. But are they a match for Turkey's military?





NATO Secretary General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer, left, during a meeting with Turkey's Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan, June 12. Erdogan, who leads a Muslim political party, is engaged in a dangerous game with Turkey's secular militray, which is empowered under the Turkish Constitution to intervene in the nation's politics if the secular nature of the government appears threatened.


Mustafa Kemal Atatürk: The founder of modern Turkey, he ensured that Turkey would have a secular government by embedding the concept in Turkey's Constitution.





President of the Kurdistan Autonomous region of Iraq, Masoud Al-Barazani, warns Turkey not to interfere in the oil-rich city of Kirkuk, Apr. 6. Ankara is keen not to see it fall into Kurdish hands. Kirkuk residents are slated to vote on whether to join the Kurdish autonomos region. [Click photo for video]

—AL_ARABIYA TV, DUBAI: President Barazani of the Kurdish autonomous region threatens Turkey not to interfere in the issue of Kirkuk and declares he doesn't support driving Israel to the sea.' Apr. 6, 00:13:49RealVideo


—AL-JAZEERA, QATAR: The new leader of al-Qaeda in Iraq, Mustafa Abu Al-Yazid, threatens to attack Turkey for helping the 'crusaders,' May 24, 00:05:14RealVideo

Al-Qaeda's new leader in Iraq, Mustafa Abu Al-Yazid, threatens to carry out attacks on Turkey, May 24. [Click photo for video]